The study of materials, objects and biological structures of extremely small size is known as nanoscience. The chemical and electrical processes used in nanomanufacturing are often investigated during these programs with an aim toward extending the boundaries of engineering and medical sciences.

Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Scandinavian unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and the subantarctic Bouvet Island. Higher education in Norway is offered by a range of seven universities.

The PhD is a doctoral degree, specifically called a "doctor of philosophy" degree. This is misleading because PhD holders are not necessarily philosophers (unless they earned their degree in philosophy!). That said, PhD recipients are able to engage in thought experiments, reason about problems, and solve problems in sophisticated ways.