Tour guide training programs often mix practical knowledge, such as tour design and logistics, with the psychological study of human behavior. Courses of this type are not limited solely to new students; established tour guides and directors can benefit from formal continuing education as well.

The PhD is a doctoral degree, specifically called a "doctor of philosophy" degree. This is misleading because PhD holders are not necessarily philosophers (unless they earned their degree in philosophy!). That said, PhD recipients are able to engage in thought experiments, reason about problems, and solve problems in sophisticated ways.